Prenouns (관형사)

Linguistic elements whose primary function is to modify the target noun are called “modifiers”. Modifiers in Korean include prenouns, adjectives, and relative clauses. The focus of this unit is on prenouns. The sole function of prenouns is to modify and/or delimit the meaning of the nouns that they follow.
There are four groups of prenouns in Korean. The first group of prenouns are those that specifically delimit the quality or status of certain nouns. Consider the following example:

Notice that 옛(old) is a prenoun that delimits the quality or status of the noun 이야기(story).
옛 appears to be an adjective. However, prenouns differ from adjectives. A chief distinction between prenouns and adjectives is whether they are subject to morphological variations. Prenouns are nouns and they are not subject to any inflectional variation. On the other hand, adjectives are subject to variations. For example, in Korean, “a different school” can be written with a prenoun 딴(another), or with an adjective 다른(different).

Notice that 다른 is the conjugated form of 다르다(to be different). How to change an adjective stem into a noun-modifying form will be discussed in detail in the intermediate Korean. Here are some more examples of prenouns.

Numbers

The second group of prenouns are numbers. Consider the following examples:

Notice that these numbers come before the noun (or counters) that they modify.

Demonstratives

The third group of prenouns includes demonstratives. Appearing before a noun that they modify, demonstratives indicate the speaker’s physical as well as psychological distance relative to the listener or a referent. English has two demonstratives “this” and “that”. However, Koreans make three referential locations: 이(this, near the speaker), 그(that, near the listener), and 저(that over there, away from both the speaker and the listener).

Differing from English demonstratives, which can be used independently, as in “I like this”, the Korean demonstratives cannot be used alone and must be followed by a noun. In other words, Korean demonstratives are always used with nouns, as in 이 친구(this friend), 이 책(this book) and so on.
Meanwhile, Korean has two dependent nouns that are often used with the demonstratives: 것(or 거, thing), and 곳(place).

Since 것 or 거 are dependent nouns which cannot be used by themselves, they are always used with a modifier such as a prenoun or an adjective.

Question prenouns

The fourth group includes question prenouns such as 어느(which), and 무슨(or 어떤, what kind of).

Notice that these question prenouns cannot be used by themselves, and they modify the nouns that they appear after.

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Grammar for Intermediates
Nouns(명사)
Numbers & Ordinals (숫자와 서수)
Counter Nouns (Numeral Classifier, 분류사)
Question Words(의문사) & Indefinite Pronouns(부정대명사)

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Wondering Mindset and/or Asking Opinion ( -ㄹ까요?)

The -(으)ㄹ까? ending is used to indicate a speaker’s wondering mindset and/or to seek the listener’s opinion. To make the ending polite one can add 요 to the ending, as in -(으)ㄹ까요? The ending -(으)ㄹ까요? is a three form verb ending: -을까요? is used with the stem that ends in a consonant as in 먹을까요? and -ㄹ까요? is used with the stem that ends in a vowel as in 갈까요? With the ㄹ-irregular predicates, -까요? is used, as in 알까요? When the speaker is the subject, the -(으)ㄹ까요? ending expresses the speaker’s wondering mindset. Consider the following sentences.

Notice that the speaker is the subject of the sentence in the above examples. When the subject of the sentence is a third person, the -(으)ㄹ까요? ending is used to seek the listener’s opinion. Consider the following sentences:

The -(으)ㄹ까요? ending can be used for the past tense as well. Consider the following sentences:

The repeated use of -(으)ㄹ까요? can be used to express alternative questions. For instance, consider the following sentences:

Notice that while the predicate is used only once in English, the predicate is repeated in Korean. Meanwhile, when -(으)ㄹ까요? is used with other verbs such as 하다(do) and 생각하다(think), it expresses the speaker’s provisional idea regarding what she/he may do, corresponding to “I am thinking of doing something.” in English. Consider the following sentences:

* Click to read related posts.
Grammar for Intermediates
Endings of Sentences
The Deferential Speech Level
The Polite Speech Level
Question Words(의문사) & Indefinite Pronouns(부정대명사)
Irregular verbs and adjectives(불규칙동사와 형용사)

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