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Sunday, December 13, 2015

Intention & Willingness (-ㄹ래요 & -ㄹ게요)

The -(으)ㄹ래요 ending “intention”

The -(으)ㄹ래요 ending indicates the speaker’s intention or immediate desire, and it corresponds to “will” or “intend to” in English. The ending is used only with the verbs not with the adjectives, and it is normally used in colloquial settings.
The -(으)ㄹ래요 ending is a three-form ending: -을래요 is used after a stem that ends in a consonant, as in 먹을래요; -ㄹ래요 is used after a stem that ends in a vowel, as in 갈래요; -래요 is used for a ㄹ-irregular, as in 만들래요.
The -(으)ㄹ래요 ending is only used for the first person and the second person subjects. Consider the following conversation:


As seen above, the -(으)ㄹ래요 ending is used in the second person question for the first sentence and the first person statement in the second sentence. Here are some more examples:


The -(으)ㄹ래요 ending cannot be used for the third person subject, since one cannot speak for the third person’s intention. Consequently, a sentence like 수잔이 커피 마실래요 is ungrammatical in Korean.

-(으)ㄹ래요 vs. -고 싶어요/싶어해요

The difference between -(으)ㄹ래요 and -고 싶어요/싶어해요 is that while the former expresses an intention, the latter expresses a wish or hope. For instance, consider the following sentences:


As seen above, the sentences with the -고 싶어요 ending simply indicate the speaker’s wish. However, the sentences with the -(으)ㄹ래요 ending indicate that the speaker has already made up his/her mind and will do so.

-(으)ㄹ래요 vs. -(으)ㄹ 거예요

In the previous unit, the -(으)ㄹ 거예요 ending that expresses the probable future as well as the first person speaker’s intention was introduced. -(으)ㄹ 거예요 and -(으)ㄹ래요 can both be used to indicate the intention of the first person speaker, as shown below:


The meanings of both sentences are similar, and they can be used interchangeably. However, note that the usage of -(으)ㄹ 거예요 is much wider than that of -(으)ㄹ래요, in that -(으)ㄹ 거예요 can be used for the third person subject as well. When the speaker is not the first or second person, -(으)ㄹ 거예요 indicates the speaker’s conjecture.

The -(으)ㄹ게요 ending “willingness”

The -(으)ㄹ게요 ending indicates the speaker’s promise or willingness to do something for the listener’s interest. The ending is used only for first person subject and only with the verbs not with the adjectives. Consider the following sentences:


Notice that speaker A asks what time B will come to the library. Speaker B’s reply with -(으)ㄹ게요 conveys a sense of promise or reassuring of “arriving at the library by 9 a.m.” for speaker A’s sake.
The -(으)ㄹ게요 ending is a three form ending: -을게요 is used after a stem that ends in a consonant, as in 먹을게요; -ㄹ게요 is used after a stem that ends in a vowel, as in 갈게요; -게요 is used for ㄹ-irregular verbs, as in 만들게요.
The -(으)ㄹ래요 ending and the -(으)ㄹ게요 ending seem to resemble each other since they can both be translated as “will” in English. However, there are two clear differences. First, while -(으)ㄹ래요 can be used for a second person in questions, -(으)ㄹ게요 cannot. This is because the -(으)ㄹ게요 ending is used only for the first person subject.
The second difference is that while -(으)ㄹ래요 indicates the speaker’s intention, -(으)ㄹ게요 carries the speaker’s sense of promise. Here are some examples for comparison.


As -(으)ㄹ게요 conveys a sense of promise, it is often used when the speaker volunteers to do something. For instance, consider the following sentences.


* Click to read related posts.
Grammar for Intermediates
Irregular verbs and adjectives (불규칙동사와 형용사)
Expressing Desire (-고 싶다)
Probable Future (-ㄹ 거예요)

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Saturday, December 12, 2015

Time-lapse, 20151210


Fast moving lights and clouds. How wonderful is it.

It has been taken by RX100MK3, SONY.

Time-lapse, 20160102



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Thursday, November 19, 2015

Adverbs and adverbials (부사와 부사적 어구)

The primary function of adverbs is to modify verbs and/or adjectives. Consider the following examples:


In 1, 일찍(early) modifies the verb 일어났어요(got up), and 아마(maybe) modifies the verb 도착할 거예요(will arrive) in 2. In 3, 매우(very) modifies the adjective 맛있어요(delicious), and 약간(little) modifies the adjective 짜요(salty) in 4.

Three types of adverbs

Korean adverbs can be grouped into three types: sentential adverbs, conjunctional adverbs, and componential adverbs. Sentential adverbs modify a whole sentence. Conjunctional adverbs are those that connect two different sentences. Componential adverbs modify a specific part of the sentence such as verbs or adjectives. Consider the following sentences:


하여튼(anyway) is a sentential adverb since it modifies the entire sentence, 커피가 아주 뜨거웠어요(the coffee was very hot). 아주(very) is a componential adverb since it specifically modifies the adjective 뜨거웠어요(was hot). 그리고(and) is a conjunctional adverb since it connects two sentences.

Examples of sentential adverbs include the following:



Examples of conjunctional adverbs include:


There are three groups of componential adverbs depending on what kind of relation they modify, such as manner, temporal relations, and degree. First, manner adverbs express some relation of manner, for example:



Time adverbs that concern temporal relations include the following:



Degree adverbs include the following:



However, when there is more than one componential adverb in a sentence, the adverbs tend to occur in the following sequence: time, degree, and manner, as shown below.



Notice that the first adverb is time adverb 항상(always), followed by the degree adverb 아주(very), and the manner adverb 많이(much).

Adverbials

In Korean, adverbs do not take any morphological variation. Those adverbs that take morphological variations are called “adverbial”. Consider the
following examples:

In 1, notice that 맛있게(deliciously) modifies the verb 먹었어요(ate), and 아름답게(beautifully) modifies 피어요(blossom) in 2. However, 맛있게 or 아름답게 are not adverbs but adverbials in Korean, since they are the results of the morphological variations:


Notice above that the adverbial form -게 is attached to the adjective stems. In Korean, one can change an adjective into an adverbial form by attaching 􁻢 to an adjective stem. Here are some more examples:


* Click to read related posts.
Grammar for Intermediates
Nouns (명사)
Irregular verbs and adjectives (불규칙동사와 형용사)
Prenouns (관형사)

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Monday, November 16, 2015

Time-lapse, 20151115


I took sunset by time-lapse one day. The sky and the clouds are so beautiful.

In the second time-lapse, there was something flying in the sky, maybe a flight. 

Third one, clouds in the sky and light in their houses.

All have been taken by RX100MK3, SONY.

Time-lapse, 20151210
Time-lapse, 20160102




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Vigan, the Philippines (2013)

- A Antique Shop in Vigan

- Horses Waiting on the Road

- Horse Man's Back

- a Horse and a Cart on the Evening

- a Horse and a Cart on the noon

- a Horse and the Street

- a Night View of the Street

- a Night View of the Street

- the Catheral in Vigan, the One and Only

- Christmas Decorations

- Christmas Decorations

Baguio City, the Philippines (2013)

San Fernando, the Philippines (2013)

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San Fernando, the Philippines (2013)

- a Tricycle in San Fernando
Tricycle : a motorcycle that has 3 wheels on it.

There are 3 kinds of public transpotation in the philippines.
Taxi, jeepney and tricycle.
But there was no taxi in San Fernando.
Once there are taxies (tricycles) in a city, there is no tricycle (taxi).
The fare depends on the distance and the number of baggage and people.

 - the Market in San Fernando

- the Owner of Meat Store

- a Colorful Jeepney in San Fernando

- Sun-set at Somewhere in San Fernando

- a Family Walking on a Beach at Evening

- Sun-set at Somewhere in San Fernando

- a Old Man Reading a Book At a Bar in San Fernando

- the Pool in the Resort

Baguio City, the Philippines (2013)


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Monday, October 19, 2015

Prenouns (관형사)

Linguistic elements whose primary function is to modify the target noun are called “modifiers”. Modifiers in Korean include prenouns, adjectives, and relative clauses. The focus of this unit is on prenouns. The sole function of prenouns is to modify and/or delimit the meaning of the nouns that they follow.
There are four groups of prenouns in Korean. The first group of prenouns are those that specifically delimit the quality or status of certain nouns. Consider the following example:


Notice that 옛(old) is a prenoun that delimits the quality or status of the noun 이야기(story).
옛 appears to be an adjective. However, prenouns differ from adjectives. A chief distinction between prenouns and adjectives is whether they are subject to morphological variations. Prenouns are nouns and they are not subject to any inflectional variation. On the other hand, adjectives are subject to variations. For example, in Korean, “a different school” can be written with a prenoun 딴(another), or with an adjective 다른(different).


Notice that 다른 is the conjugated form of 다르다(to be different). How to change an adjective stem into a noun-modifying form will be discussed in detail in the intermediate Korean. Here are some more examples of prenouns.


Numbers

The second group of prenouns are numbers. Consider the following examples:


Notice that these numbers come before the noun (or counters) that they modify.

Demonstratives

The third group of prenouns includes demonstratives. Appearing before a noun that they modify, demonstratives indicate the speaker’s physical as well as psychological distance relative to the listener or a referent. English has two demonstratives “this” and “that”. However, Koreans make three referential locations: 이(this, near the speaker), 그(that, near the listener), and 저(that over there, away from both the speaker and the listener).


Differing from English demonstratives, which can be used independently, as in “I like this”, the Korean demonstratives cannot be used alone and must be followed by a noun. In other words, Korean demonstratives are always used with nouns, as in 이 친구(this friend), 이 책(this book) and so on.
Meanwhile, Korean has two dependent nouns that are often used with the demonstratives: 것(or 거, thing), and 곳(place).


Since 것 or 거 are dependent nouns which cannot be used by themselves, they are always used with a modifier such as a prenoun or an adjective.

Question prenouns

The fourth group includes question prenouns such as 어느(which), and 무슨(or 어떤, what kind of).


Notice that these question prenouns cannot be used by themselves, and they modify the nouns that they appear after.

* Click to read related posts.
Grammar for Intermediates
Nouns(명사)
Numbers & Ordinals (숫자와 서수)
Counter Nouns (Numeral Classifier, 분류사)
Question Words(의문사) & Indefinite Pronouns(부정대명사)

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