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Saturday, January 23, 2016

The subject honorific suffix 「-(으)시」

When Koreans wish to honor the subject of the sentence, they make a predicate form honorific by attaching the honorific suffix -(으)시 to the stem of the predicate. The honorific suffix -(으)시 is a pre-final ending that comes between the stem of the predicate and the final ending. -으시 is added after the stem that ends in a consonant, as in 찾으시다(찾 + 으시 + 다, look for), and 시 is added after a stem that ends in a vowel, as in 가시다(가 + 시 + 다, go).


Notice that although the referential meanings of the verbs 가다 and 가시다(or 입다 and 입으시다) are the same, their social meanings are different. The presence of the honorific suffix indicates the speaker’s attitude toward the subject of the sentence.
Various social variables that are ascribed and/or achieved determine the honorific suffix usage. For instance, Koreans use the honorific suffix when they talk to or talk about their older family members, older people in general, people of esteemed occupations, senior-rank personnel, and so forth.
The subject being honored can be either an addressee (to whom the speaker is talking) or a referent (who the speaker is talking about). Consider the following examples:


Notice that in 1, the subject being honored is the addressee, whereas the subject of 2 is the third-person referent.
The use of different speech level endings is related to who you are talking to rather than who you are talking about. In other words, the choice of appropriate speech levels depends on the addressee not on the referent. However, since the honorific suffix honors the subject of the sentence, the suffix can be used with any other speech levels. For instance, one of the Korean speech levels used to address a child or childhood-friend is the intimate speech level -어/아. Consider the following sentence:


Notice that the speaker uses the intimate speech level but honors the mother by using the suffix.
The following Korean verbs that have the corresponding honorific forms, do not take the suffix to their stems.


However, notice that the suffix 􃔲 is already part of these euphemistic verbs.
Meanwhile, Koreans do not use the honorific suffix when the subject of the sentence is the speaker himself or herself. In other words, one does not show honor toward him/herself. Consider the following samples:


Notice that speaker A uses the suffix when asking the question to B. However, speaker B does not use the suffix in the reply.

* Click to read related posts.
Grammar for Intermediates
Endings of Sentences
The Deferential Speech Level
The Polite Speech Level
Intention & Willingness (-ㄹ래요 & -ㄹ게요)
Inferential and intentional suffix 「-겠」

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Friday, January 15, 2016

Sydney, Australia (2014)

- Circular Quay
Cruise ships regularly enter the port

- Opera House, taken From Harbour Bridge

- From Opera House, to Harbour Bridge

-a seagull

- Day view of Opera House

- Night view of Opera House

- a Salmon steak

- the Soldier, the First Impression Sculpture, the Rocks

- Harbour Bridge, taken from Opera House


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Wednesday, January 13, 2016

Inferential and intentional suffix 「-겠」

The suffix 겠 is a pre-final ending that comes between the stem of the predicate and the final-ending, as in 하겠습니다 (하 + 겠 + 습니다, will do). The suffix 겠 is used to indicate two things.
First, when the subject of the predicate is the first and/or second person, the suffix 겠 expresses the speaker’s intention or asks the listener’s intention, and it corresponds to “will” in English. It is used for first person statements and/or second person questions.


Notice that the meaning of the suffix 겠 is similar to -(으)ㄹ래요 “will.” However, while -(으)ㄹ래요 is normally used in colloquial usages, the suffix 겠 is used for more formal usages.
Second, when the subject of the predicate is not either the first or second person, the suffix 겠 indicates the speaker’s conjecture or asks the listener’s idea regarding the topic in question. It is corresponding to “I guess/think”(for the first person statement) or “do you think that . . .”(for the second person question) in English.


The suffix 겠 is used in formal or broadcasting contexts, such as weather forecasts and news reports. Consider the following examples.


* Click to read related posts.
Grammar for Intermediates
Intention & Willingness (-ㄹ래요 & -ㄹ게요)
The subject honorific suffix 「-(으)시」

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Sunday, January 3, 2016

Time-lapse, 20160102



- The sun beaming behind the moving clouds, the flowing river

It has been taken by RX100MK3, SONY.




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Melbourne, Australia (2014)

- Melbourne, the city full of wit

- Melbourne City Sightseeing Bus

- A monkey on the rope, Melbourne Zoo

- YARRA River with clouds

- The lower part of EUREKA TOWER
The highest floor is 88 where has observatory

- Night view of Melbourne, taken from Eureka Tower

- Tram N.o. 35, it is free for travelers
But no one check whether those are traveler or not

- Melbourne Museum

- Kangaroo & Emu, Melbourne Museum
Emu can't walk backward, always walk forward.
That is why there is Emu with Kangaroo.

- The skeleton of dinosaur, Melbourne Museum

- Cafe Street, Centre Place

- in the middle of the street, a trio band were playing their music

- The street was crowded with people drinking coffee and chatting

- A solo with a ukulele

- A girl on the street

- A smiling graffiti artist, Hosier Lane

- Lots of graffiti mingle with others, Hosier Lane

- Flinders Street Railway Station

- Here and there, many pianos are waiting to be played.

- Every weekends, many artists perform on the streets.

- The bare-feet vocalist of a trio band. 

- A excursion ship cruising on Yarra River 

- A rowing team practicing on Yarra River

- Melbourne is full of arts and wit.
Even cars on streets, fire hydrants were covered with arts.

- Side walk, near Queen's Market

Sydney, Australia (2014)

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