Sentence-final endings ~군요

Typical sentence-final endings are speech level endings, such as the deferential, polite, intimate, and plain endings. However, sentence-final endings also include various sentence-final suffixes, such as 지, 군, and 네. These suffixes, combined with 요 “the politeness marker” can serve as sentence final endings that convey the speaker’s various psychological states or attitudes. This unit introduces three sentence-final endings, ~지요, ~군요, and ~네요.

The sentence-final ending ~군요

The one-form sentence-final ending ~군요 is used as an exclamatory ending. It is used to express the speaker’s immediate realization to what he/she just perceived. The meaning and usage of ~군요 is similar to those of ~네요 in that both indicate what the speaker just realized. However, there is one subtle difference. While ~네요 indicates that what’s been realized or perceived is contrary to the expectation, ~군요 simply expresses the immediate realization in a straightforward manner.
~군요 is used after adjective and copula stems. However, for verb stems, ~는 “the noun-modifying ending for verbs” is used along with ~군요. Consider the following examples:

After adjective stems

After copula stems

After verb stems

For immediate realization about a past event, ~었/았군요 is used for all predicates.

For immediate realization about a possible or guessed future event, ~겠군요 is used.

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Grammar for Intermediates
Endings of Sentences

Sentence-final endings ~지요

Sentence-final endings ~네요

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Sentence-final endings ~네요

Typical sentence-final endings are speech level endings, such as the deferential, polite, intimate, and plain endings. However, sentence-final endings also include various sentence-final suffixes, such as 지, 군, and 네. These suffixes, combined with 요 “the politeness marker” can serve as sentence final endings that convey the speaker’s various psychological states or attitudes. This unit introduces three sentence-final endings, ~지요, ~군요, and ~네요.

The sentence-final ending ~네요

The one-form sentence-final ending ~네요 is used to indicate the speaker’s spontaneous and immediate reaction, such as unexpected surprise and/or realization. The ending ~네요 is used only for the declarative statement sentence type, and it may be translated as “Oh, I see/realize that . . .” Consider the following two examples:

Notice that the first sentence simply conveys the message in a straightforward manner. On the other hand, the second sentence with the ending ~네요 indicates the speaker’s spontaneous emotive reaction. It denotes that the information which the speaker hears or observes is unanticipated and/or contrary to what was expected. Here are more examples:

~겠네요

The suffix 겠 is a pre-final ending that comes between the stem of the predicate and the final-ending. The suffix 겠 denotes the speaker’s conjecture or inference about what did occur, what is occurring, and what will occur, based on circumstantial evidences.
~겠네요, the combination of the suffix 겠 and the ending ~네요, is used to indicate the speaker’s realization of what will happen in reaction to the surprised or unanticipated information the speaker just encountered. It is best translated in English as “(I guess . . . something) may/will . . . ” Consider the following examples:

~었/았겠네요

~었/았겠네요, the combination of the past tense marker 었/았 and ~겠네요, is used to express the speaker’s surprise or realization about what must have occurred. It can be translated as “I guess that something must have . . . ,” as shown in the examples below:

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Grammar for Intermediates
Endings of Sentences

Sentence-final endings ~지요
Sentence-final endings ~군요

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Sentence-final endings ~지요

Typical sentence-final endings are speech level endings, such as the deferential, polite, intimate, and plain endings. However, sentence-final endings also include various sentence-final suffixes, such as 지, 군, and 네. These suffixes, combined with 요 “the politeness marker” can serve as sentence final endings that convey the speaker’s various psychological states or attitudes. This unit introduces three sentence-final endings, ~지요, ~군요, and ~네요.

The sentence-final ending ~지요

The sentence-final ending ~지요 is a one-form ending that indicates one of the following four mental states or attitudes of the speaker: (i) seeking agreement, (ii) asking a question with a belief that the hearer has the answer, (iii) assuring information, and (iv) suggesting. The speaker’s intonation as well as contextual factors determines which among the four moods or attitudes the ending indicates.

(1) Seeking agreement (with a rising intonation)

Consider the following two examples:

Notice that the ending ~어/아요 in the first sentence simply asks the message in a straightforward manner. On the other hand, the ending ~지요 in the second sentence indicates that the speaker seeks agreement while asking the same question. Here are more examples:

(2) Asking a question, believing that the hearer has the answer (with a rising intonation)

Again, the ending ~어/아요 in the first sentence simply asks the message in a direct manner. However, the second sentence with the ending ~지요 implies that the speaker believes that the hearer has the answer. Here are more examples:

(3) Assuring information (with a falling intonation)

The first sentence with the ending ~어/아요 simply states the message. On the other hand, the ending ~지요 in the second sentence indicates that the speaker assures of the referential message. Here are more examples:

(4) Suggesting (with a falling intonation)

The first sentence with the ending ~어/아요 is a direct request. However, the second sentence is a suggestion because of the ending ~지요. Here are more examples:

The honorific suffix ~(으)시 can be optionally used along with ~지요 to make the suggestion sound more polite, as shown in the following examples:

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Grammar for Intermediates
Endings of Sentences

Sentence-final endings ~군요

Sentence-final endings ~네요

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The intimate speech level and the plain speech level

The intimate speech level

The intimate speech level is in general used in the following situations: by adults when addressing children, by parents when addressing their kids, by children when addressing their peers, and by adult friends when addressing their childhood friends (or friends whose relationships are close enough to switch to the intimate level from the polite level).
The intimate speech level ending is ~어/아. The choice of ~어 or ~아 is the same with that of the polite speech level ending ~어요/아요. ~아 is used after a stem that ends in a bright vowel, 오 or 아, while ~어 is used with the stem that ends in any other vowels. Consider the following examples:

As seen above, one can generate the intimate speech level from the polite speech level, simply by removing 요. One exception is that the copula 이다/아니다 takes slightly different forms: 이다 instead of 이에, and 아니야 instead of 아니에.
Just like the polite speech level ending ~어요/아요, the intimate speech level ending ~어/아 is used for all sentence types: declarative, interrogative, imperative, and propositive. For instance, consider the following:

Koreans use contextual elements as well as intonation to figure out what intimate speech level ending ~어/아 is used for a specific sentence type.

The plain speech level

The plain speech level ending sounds more blunt and direct than other speech levels: deferential, polite, and intimate. The plain speech level is primarily used in the following three contexts: When one addresses a child, his/her childhood friends, or younger siblings; when the speaker talks to himself/herself or wants to draw the listener’s attention to information that is noteworthy or provoking; when one writes.
Unlike the intimate and the polite speech levels that use the same endings for different sentence types, the plain speech level has different endings for different sentence types, as shown below.

Declarative
~는/ㄴ다 (for verb stems)

~다 (for adjective and copula stems)

~었/았다 (for all predicate stems in the past tense)

Interrogative
~니/(으)냐? (for all predicate stems)

~었/았니/(으)냐? (for all predicate stems in the past tense)

Imperative (only for verb stems)
~아라 (after a stem that ends in 오 or 아)
~어라 (after a stem that ends in any other vowels)

Propositive (only for verb stems)
~자

Note that the plain speech level imperative ending ~어라/아라 and propositive ending ~자 are used only for verb stems, and they are not conjugated for the tense.

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Grammar for Intermediates
Endings of Sentences
The Deferential Speech Level
The Polite Speech Level

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