The Case Particle 「한테, 에게, 께」

The case particles 한테, 에게, and 께 are one-form particles that mark the animate indirect object of the sentence, corresponding with “to” in English.

The particle 한테

The particle 한테 is most widely used in colloquial settings.

Notice that the indirect objects are all animate objects (e.g., person, animals). As previously noted, the particle 에 is used if the indirect objects are inanimate objects (e.g., destinations).

The particle 에게

The particle 에게 is used instead of 한테 in more formal usage.

Notice that the sentence above sounds formal, since the particle 에게 as well as the deferential speech level ending 습니다 are used.

The particle 께

When the indirect object is an the esteemed person or senior, such as one’s boss, teachers, and parents, the particle 께 can be optionally used instead of 한테 or 에게. The particle 께 is another indirect object particle, used to indicate honorific meanings to the esteemed indirect object. For instance, consider the following sentences:

In these examples above, the indirect objects are the teacher and the president to whom the speaker wishes to express honorific attitude. Consequently, the use of the particle 께 is more appropriate than the use of 한테 or 에게.
One thing to remember when using 께, is that since it is an honorific element its usage should be collocated with other honorific elements such as the honorific suffix, euphemistic words, proper address or reference terms and so on. For example, in the above examples, 드리다(give, honorific) is used instead of 주다(give, plain form).

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Grammar for Beginners
Particles Part.1 (What are the particles in Korean)
Particles Part.2 (Case Particles)
- The Subject Case Particle 「이/가」
- The Direct Object Particle 「을/를」
- The Case particle 「(으)로」
- The Case particle 「의」
- The Case particle 「에」
- The Case particle 「와/과, (이)랑, 하고」
- The Case particle 「에서」
- The Case particle 「한테서, 에게서」
Particles Part.3 (Special Particles)

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The Case Particle 「에서」

The case particle 에서 is a one-form particle and is used to express two things: (1) the dynamic location, or (2) the source of action.

the dynamic location

A dynamic location refers to the place where an action takes place. Consider the following sentence:

Notice that 학교 식당(the school cafeteria) is a dynamic location, where the action takes place. In fact, the use of the particle 에서 is determined by the type of verb the sentence has. Whenever the verb denotes an activity such as playing, doing, meeting, working, studying, and so forth, 에서 must be used. Here are more examples:

In the first sentence above, the particle 에서 is used, since the school is the dynamic location where the action is taking place. The use of 에 in this context would be ungrammatical.

the source of action

Second, the particle 에서 marks a source of action, corresponding to “from” in English. Consider the following examples:

Notice that the sources of action above are all inanimate entities. If the sources of actions are animate such as persons and animals, different particles such as 한테서 or 에게서 should be used.

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Grammar for Beginners
Particles Part.1 (What are the particles in Korean)
Particles Part.2 (Case Particles)
- The Subject Case Particle 「이/가」
- The Direct Object Particle 「을/를」
- The Case particle 「(으)로」
- The Case particle 「의」
- The Case particle 「에」
- The Case particle 「와/과, (이)랑, 하고」
- The Case particle 「한테, 에게, 께」
- The Case particle 「한테서, 에게서」
Particles Part.3 (Special Particles)

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The Case Particle 「와/과, (이)랑, 하고」

The case particles 와/과, (이)랑, and 하고 mean “and”. Their primary function is to link nouns together.

와/과

First, let us discuss the particle 와/과. The particle 와/과 is a two-form particle. 와 is used with the noun that ends in a vowel, and 과 is used with the noun that ends in a consonant. The particle 와/과 tends to be used in formal or written communication.

(이)랑

The particle (이)랑 tends to be used for more informal and/or colloquial settings. The particle (이)랑 is also a two-form particle. 이랑 is used with a noun that ends in a consonant, and 랑 is used with a noun that ends in a vowel.

하고

The particle 하고 is a one-form particle that comes after a noun regardless of whether it ends in a vowel or a consonant. There is no apparent meaning difference between 􄞮􁼶 and the other two particles 와/과 and (이)랑. However, 하고 seems to be less informal than 와/과 but more formal than (이)랑.

When the subject is understood from the context, it can be omitted. In such cases, the noun with 와/과, (이)랑, or 하고 can stand alone, as in "수잔이 토마스와 커피를 마셔요(Susan drinks coffee with Thomas)”. Then, the translation of the particles is “with” rather than “and”.

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Grammar for Beginners
Particles Part.1 (What are the particles in Korean)
Particles Part.2 (Case Particles)
- The Subject Case Particle 「이/가」
- The Direct Object Particle 「을/를」
- The Case particle 「(으)로」
- The Case particle 「의」
- The Case particle 「에」
- The Case particle 「에서」
- The Case particle 「한테, 에게, 께」
- The Case particle 「한테서, 에게서」
Particles Part.3 (Special Particles)

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The Case Particle 「에」

The case particle 에 is a one-form particle that expresses four things: (1) the static location, (2) the goal of the action(destination), (3) times, and (4) quantity.

Static Location

First, the particle 에 marks the static location, corresponding to “in", “at” or “on” in English. The static location refers to the place where something is(being), at or in. For instance, consider the following sentence:

The 집(home) is a static location, where Susan is. Here are more examples.

Notice that all the location nouns above are marked by the particle 에, since they are all static locations.

Goal of the Action

Second, the particle 에 expresses the goal of the action(inanimate objects or destinations), corresponding to “to” or “at’ in English. Consider the following sentences:

Notice that the goals of the actions marked by the particle 에 are all inanimate objects. In addition, when the particle is used with motion verbs like 가다(go), 오다(come), and 도착하다(arrive), the particle indicates a destination.
If the goal of the action is animate, the different particles, such as 한테 and 에게, are used.

Times

Third, the particle 에 marks the time noun, corresponding to “at”, “in”, or “on” in English.

One should be careful not to use the particle with all time nouns, since certain time nouns, such as 어제(yesterday), 오늘(today), and 내일(tomorrow), do not take the particle 에. Consequently, a sentence like "내일에 스타벅스에서 만나요(Let us meet at Starbucks tomorrow)" is unacceptable due to the use of particle 에.

Quantity

Lastly, the particle 에 is used to mean “for” or “per”, as in “per day”.

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Grammar for Beginners
Particles Part.1 (What are the particles in Korean)
Particles Part.2 (Case Particles)
- The Subject Case Particle 「이/가」
- The Direct Object Particle 「을/를」
- The Case particle 「(으)로」
- The Case particle 「의」
- The Case particle 「와/과, (이)랑, 하고」
- The Case particle 「에서」
- The Case particle 「한테, 에게, 께」
- The Case particle 「한테서, 에게서」

Particles Part.3 (Special Particles)

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The Case Particle 「의」

The case particle 의 indicates the possessor and possession relationship between two nouns, as in 제임스의 방(James’ room). The first noun is typically the possessor(since it is attached by the particle), and the second noun is the possession. The case particle 의 is a one-form particle. It is the same regardless of whether it attaches to a noun that ends in a vowel or a consonant, as in 수잔의 가방(Susan’s bag) and 토니의 지갑(Tony’s wallet).
The first person possessive pronoun 내(plain form) and 제(humble form) are combinations of the first person pronouns and the particle:

In a similar manner, the question word 누구의(whose) is the combination of the question word 누구(who) and the particle 의, as in "이 것은 누구의 편지예요?(As for this, whose letter is this?)".

As seen above, the function of the particle 의 resembles that of the English suffix -’s. However, there is one clear difference in their usages. English allows the possessor + ’s construction, as in “Steven’s” or “Andy’s”. However, Korean does not allow the possessor noun ending with the particle. Consequently, a sentence like "그 컴퓨터는 스티브의예요.(As for that computer, it is Steven’s)" is unacceptable. For this purpose, a bound noun 것(thing) typically appears after the particle, as in "그 컴퓨터는 스티브의 것이에요.(As for that computer, it is Steven’s thing)".

In colloquial and informal usages, the particle 의 can be often omitted. For instance, 수잔 가방 can be used instead of 수잔의 가방(Susan’s bag) and 스티브 것(or 스티브 거 for a more colloquial usage) can be used instead of 스티브의 것(Steven’s thing)
In summary, there are three ways to express a possessor–possession relationship in Korean:

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Grammar for Beginners
Particles Part.1 (What are the particles in Korean)
Particles Part.2 (Case Particles)
- The Subject Case Particle 「이/가」
- The Direct Object Particle 「을/를」
- The Case particle 「(으)로」
- The Case particle 「에」
- The Case particle 「와/과, (이)랑, 하고」
- The Case particle 「에서」
- The Case particle 「한테, 에게, 께」
- The Case particle 「한테서, 에게서」
Particles Part.3 (Special Particles)

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The Case Particle 「으로」

The case particle (으)로 is a two-form particle: 으로appears after a noun that ends in a consonant; 로 appears after a noun that ends in a vowel or the consonant ㄹ. The particle (으)로 can express the following five things: (1) means, (2) direction, (3) selection, (4) the change of state, and (5) reason.

Means

First, the particle (으)로 indicates that the noun it attaches to is a tool or an instrument. It is translated in English as “by means of” or “with”.

Direction

Second, the particle indicates the direction “to” or “toward”. In the previous section however, it was noted that the direction can be marked by the case particle 에. The difference between 에 and (으)로 is that while 에 indicates a specific location or destination, (으)로 indicates a more general direction of the target location, as in the following sentences:

Here are some more examples:

Selection

Third, the particle indicates that the preceding noun is a selection from several options. For instance, consider the following sentences.

Notice that by using (으)로, the salesman implies that there are more than one size. Here are some more examples:

The change of state

Fourth, the particle indicates “the change of state”. For instance, consider the following sentences:

Notice that in the examples above, the particle (으)로 marks the result of the change.

Reasons

Fifth, the particle indicates “the reason”. Consider the following examples.

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Grammar for Beginners
Particles Part.1 (What are the particles in Korean)
Particles Part.2 (Case Particles)
- The Subject Case Particle 「이/가」
- The Direct Object Particle 「을/를」
- The Case particle 「의」
- The Case particle 「에」
- The Case particle 「와/과, (이)랑, 하고」
- The Case particle 「에서」
- The Case particle 「한테, 에게, 께」
- The Case particle 「한테서, 에게서」
Particles Part.3 (Special Particles)

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The Direct Object Particle 「을/를」

The direct object particle 을/를

The direct object refers to a noun that experiences the action indicated by the verb. In English the direct object of the sentence is typically determined by the place where it appears. For instance, the direct object of the sentence “I eat steak” is “steak”, as the word “steak” appears after the verb “eat”. In Korean, however the direct object is primarily determined by the direct object particle 을/를. Just like the subject particle, the direct object particle 을/를 is a two-form case particle: 을 is used when the preceding noun ends in a consonant, and 를 is used when the preceding noun ends in a vowel.

Although the particle 을/를 typically marks the direct object of the transitive verb in Korean, there is one exceptional case where it can appear with the intransitive verb, such as 가다(go) or 오다(come). Consider the following sentences:

Notice that 학교(school) can be marked by the locative particle “에” as well as the direct object particle “를”.

Noun + 을/를 해요

In Korean, one of the most useful ways to change a noun into a verb form is by adding 을/를 해요 to a noun. The verb 하다(do) is very resourceful and adaptable in that it can come after a noun and transforms the meaning denoted by the noun as the verb form. For instance, consider the following sentences:

In this noun + 을/를 + 해요 construction, the noun being used is treated as an independent noun due to the presence of the direct object particle 을/를. However, without the particle, the construction is treated as a compound verb. For instance, the following two sentences have the same meanings:

Notice that the first sentence has the particle 을, while the second sentence does not have it. There is no difference in their meanings. In Korean, a sentence may have two object particles. For instance, a sentence “John signs the contract” can be said 존이 계약서를 사인을 해요. However, he same can be said in the following three more ways:

The absence of the particles in the above examples is due to the particle omission tendency in the Korean language.

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Grammar for Beginners
Particles Part.1 (What are the particles in Korean)
Particles Part.2 (Case Particles)
- The Subject Case Particle 「이/가」
- The Case particle 「(으)로」
- The Case particle 「의」
- The Case particle 「에」
- The Case particle 「와/과, (이)랑, 하고」
- The Case particle 「에서」
- The Case particle 「한테, 에게, 께」
- The Case particle 「한테서, 에게서」
Particles Part.3 (Special Particles)

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The Subject Case Particle 「이/가」

The subject case particle 이/가 is a two-form particle. 이 is used when the particle comes after a noun that ends in a consonant, and 가 is used when the particle comes after a noun that ends in a vowel. The principle of having two forms resembles the use in English of “a/an.” However, the rule is the opposite in that “an” is used before a noun that begins with a vowel and “a” is used before a noun that begins with a consonant.

The particle 이/가 in negation

Although the primary function of 이/가 is to indicate the subject case, its usage extends beyond case marking. For example, in negation the noun it marks is not the subject of the sentence. Consider the following example:

사라 is not the subject but the topic of the sentence as it is marked by the topic particle 는. Notice that the subject of the sentence is omitted, and 한국사람, marked by the particle 이, is not the subject of the sentence.

Double subject constructions

Some Korean sentences may have two nouns marked by the subject particle. Consider the following example:

Notice that there are two subjects in the sentence, 친구 and 세명, as both are marked by the subject particle. Korean grammarians call such a sentence “double-subject construction”. Double-subject sentences are very common in Korean. However, its interpretation is not that the sentence has two subjects. In this sentence, the focus is on the number three rather than friends. Consider another example:

In this sentence, the relationship between two nouns, 토마스 and 손, is that of the possessor-possessed.
It is rather confusing which noun marked by the particle should be regarded as the emphasized subject. Koreans use context as well as other linguistic cues to figure out where the emphasis lies. The importance of contextual understanding is also evident in the fact that Korean subjects as well as particles are often omitted in conversation.

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Grammar for Beginners
Particles Part.1 (What are the particles in Korean)
Particles Part.2 (Case Particles)
- The Direct Object Particle 「을/를」
- The Case particle 「(으)로」
- The Case particle 「의」
- The Case particle 「에」
- The Case particle 「와/과, (이)랑, 하고」
- The Case particle 「에서」
- The Case particle 「한테, 에게, 께」
- The Case particle 「한테서, 에게서」
Particles Part.3 (Special Particles)

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After Watching the Movie "HAPPY TOGETHER(1997)"

I have decided to go travel to American continent, I read a travel essay related with Southern America. In the book, a couple said that rewatching the movie "Happy Together" was one of the things in their wish list. Therefore, the man(he have not smoked for a few months) said that smoking on the End of the World(Ushuaia) is one of his dreams. I started wondering how the movie can touch them.

Happy Together is a 1997 Hong Kong film directed by Wong Kar-wai, starring Leslie Cheung and Tony Leung Chiu-Wai, that depicts a turbulent romance between two men.
Their goal in Argentina is to visit the Iguazu waterfalls.

The movie is the story of men couple that left Hong Kong to see Iguazu waterfalls, and in the film, there are only two of them. I expected that I would see the beauty of Argentina but the movie made me disappoint. I could see only few places for a short time.
For a few minutes from the beginning, the director(Wong Kai-Wai) shows us the scenes in black & white.

As the two arrive into Argentina, they pick a car and drive. Roads were endless and clouds were beautifully spread.

Lai(Leslie Cheung)

Ho(Tony Leung Chiu-Wai)

Avenue July 9

The director took Avenue July 9 beautifully by time-lapse.

the Bridge of Boca 

Eventually, Lai finds the strength to visit the waterfalls and return to Hong Kong.

Magnificent of Iguazu Waterfalls, it seems like it could swallow everything in the world.

The end of the film, Chang(Chang Chen) arrived at the light house in the End of the World(Ushuaia).

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