Counter Nouns (Numeral Classifier, 분류사)

We talked that counter nouns are used to count things. And through this post, we are going to study about counter nouns.

What a counter does is to classify nouns according to common attributes for numbering purposes. Therefore, by using a counter, you can provide more information about the object you count. The Korean language has an extensive list of counters. Some counters are used only with the native Korean numbers, whereas some counters are used only with the Sino-Korean numbers. The table bellow shows the counters that are normally used with the native Korean numbers. However, when the number is above 20 these counters can also be used with Sino-Korean numbers.

On the other hand, the table bellow shows the counters that are used only with Sino-Korean numbers. Notice that when the counter is a loanword, such as 달라(dollars), 마일(miles), and 미터(meters), Koreans in general prefer to use Sino-Korean numbers, as in 십육 미터(sixteen meters).

As seen above, the choice of a certain counter depends on the kinds of objects. However, one must know what counter is used with either a native Korean number or a Sino-Korean number. For instance, when counting minutes, you have to use 분 after a Sino-Korean number, as in 칠 분(seven minutes).
A few counters, such as 주일 or 주간(week), can be used with both Sino-Korean numbers as well as native Korean numbers. For instance, one week can be either 한 주간 or 일 주간 and four weeks can be either 네 주간 or 사 주간. However, the use of Sino-Korean numbers with this counter is more common.

* One of my friend, +김태준  shared a nice tip. Thank you so much!
(He said spacing is added every ten thousand.)
Good info. but could you correct spacing for examples?
Because of the rule "수를 적을 적에는 '만(萬)' 단위로 띄어 쓴다," one should write them as 스물여덟 명 and so on.

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Grammar for Beginners
Numbers & Ordinals (숫자와 서수)

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Numbers & Ordinals (숫자와 서수)

Sino-Korean Numbers and Native Korean Numbers

In Korean, there are two parallel sets of numbers. One of these was borrowed from Chinese long ago and is now part of the Korean number system. The numbers belonging to this set are called Sino-Korean numbers. The other set is of native origin. The numbers belonging to this set are called native Korean numbers. These two sets are shown below.

* Korean numbers

As seen above, the Korean number system is more systematic than the English number system when it comes to the formation of higher numbers. For instance, while English uses special words for 11 through 19, such as eleven, twelve and so on, Korean numbers are formed "ten + one"(십일 or 열하나), "ten + two"(십이 or 열둘) and so on.
For multiples of ten, Sino-Korean numbers are simple combinations: 20 is “two + ten” (이십), 30 is “three + ten"(삼십), and so on. However, native Korean numbers have special words, as 20 is 스물, 30 is 서른, and so on. In addition, the native Korean number set does not have the number “zero”.
The use of Sino-Korean numbers and native Korean numbers differs in a number of ways. First, as indicated by the asterisk mark above, native Korean numbers “one”, “two”, "three", "four", and “twenty” have slightly modified forms. Koreans use these modified forms when they count one of these native numbers with a counter noun. For instance, one person would be 한 명, rather than 하나 명.
Second, Koreans use native Korean numbers when counting a small number of objects. For instance, three bottles of wines would be 와인 세 병(wine + three + bottles). However, when counting a large number of objects, they prefer using Sino-Korean numbers, as “62 bottles of wines” would be 와인 육십이 병.
Third, from 100 and above, Koreans use only Sino-Korean numbers. Consequently, 134 would be read as 백삼십사. It is optional to add 일 to the number that starts with 1, such as 100, 1000, and so on, however, it is more common to say the number without it. For instance, for 100, saying 백(hundred) is more common than saying 일백(one hundred).

It is rare but you can read a number that is over 100, by combining a Sino-Korean number and a native Korean number. For instance, 134 can be read as 백서른 넷(Sino-Korean number + native Korean number). However, the use of Sino-Korean numbers is more dominant than a mixed use of both sets of numbers.
Finally, Koreans in general use Sino-Korean numbers when doing mathematical calculations.

Counting

There are two ways of counting countable objects. You can just use a number by itself or use a number with a counter noun(the function of a counter noun is to indicate the type of noun being counted). When counting without a counter noun, you use native Korean numbers. For instance, for “two pencils”, you can say 연필 둘(noun + number).

Counting items with a counter noun can take the following structure: “noun (being counted) + number + counter noun”. Consequently, for “five pencils” you would say “연필 + 다섯 + 자루”.
When you use native Korean numbers with a counter noun, you should remember that native Korean numbers for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 20 have slightly different forms: 하나(한), 둘(두), 셋(세), 넷(네), and 스물(스무). Consequently, one pencil would be “연필 한 자루” rather than “연필 하나 자루”, twenty pencils would be “연필 스무 자루” rather than “연필 스물 자루”.

Notice that that there is no change in 스물 when it is combined with a number, as in “연필 스물한 자루(21 pencils)". In addition, when the number is large, Sino-Korean numbers can be used as well.

Ordinals

The Sino-Korean and native Korean numbers differ in the formation of ordinals. For Sino- Korean numbers, Koreans attach the prefix 제 to a number. For instance, “the first” is 제 일, “the eleventh” is 제 십일, and so on. For native Korean numbers, they add 번째 to a number. Accordingly, “the fifth” is 다섯 번째, “the eleventh” is 열한 번째, and so on. The only exception is that 하나(the native number for one) is not used for the ordinal, but one needs to use the special word, 첫, as 첫 번째, not 한 번째.

* Click to read related posts.
Grammar for Beginners
Counter Nouns (Numeral Classifier, 분류사)

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Indica

Quick conclusion, It sucks. Flavor is too strong.
On the bottle, it says "Indica India Pale Ale is a smooth...", that was not true. "... intense mystical aroma.", also not true. It rather be "mysterious aroma.".

Only one thing good is the image on the package. Maybe that is Ganesha, one of the best-known and most worshipped deities in the Hindu pantheon. So colorful.

As I said, IT SUCKS but nice package.

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Seoul Metropolitan Subway (Seoul Metro System, 수도권 전철)

There are many lines of subway in Seoul. Seoul Metropolitan Subway runs partially on the ground, and partially under the ground. Anyway, there are 27 long and short lines. The length of the shortest one is about 10㎞ and the longest one is about 200㎞. In addition, some subway stations are connected with train station. So you can easily transfer to train.

* the map of Seoul Metropolitan Subway (click to see original size)

Tickets And Cards

In advance to take a subway, you should buy a ticket or a prepaid transportation card.

the Subway Ticket (the Single Journey Ticket)

There are ticket vending machines in every subway stations. You can buy a ticket after choosing the destination and put fare include ₩500 as deposit.

* the Ticket Vending Machine

You can change the operating language if you want.

* You can change the operating language

This yellow color plastic card is the ticket that is used only for a single journey. It is used for only one time. By using this card, you can take the most of lines but some specific lines like Arex, the yellow striped blue line.

* the Single Journey Ticket

the Prepaid Transportation Card

If buying the ticket bothers you, you can buy and use a prepaid transportation card which is sold in convenient store. There are various designed cards. Once you buy the prepaid transportation card, you can take transportation in Seoul such as subway, buses and even taxi. Plus, you can even transfer to buses from subway paying only little money.

* various designs of prepaid transportation cards

the Rail Plus Card

Plus, you can buy the rail plus card. Since there are many kinds of prepaid transportation cards in Korea and some cards can not be used in some cities, Korean Railroad Corporation issues the rail plus card. It can be used in any cities, for even train.

* the Rail Plus Cards

The Gates

Technically there are three types of gates: the old version gate, the new version gate and the transfer gate. Every gates have a spot that is tagged with the cards or the tickets.

the Old Version Gate

It is used to accept paper magnetic tickets. By the time we started using plastic cards, it was modified to accept plastic cards. And now, it only accept plastic cards.

* the old version gate in the line No.4

the New Version Gate

It is originally accept only plastic cards and there is no steel pipe in it. It just flip the plastic boards when you try to get in without tagging a right card.

* the new version gates in the line No.9

the Transfer Gate

Some lines have the transfer gates and it requires tagging a ticket or card to transfer. As i said, you can not transfer some specific lines with the ticket. You should buy a ticket for those lines or use a prepaid transportation card to take those lines.

To Get the Deposit Back

Once you have ticket and arrived at the destination, you should put the card in the machine to get the deposit of ￦500 back. The deposit return machines are usually next to the ticket vending machines.

* the deposit return machine

the Sales Men In the Subway

While you are going to your destination, you can see some salesmen(or saleswomen) selling some good and cheep stuff.

the Subway Tickets In Other Cities

Depends on the city you are in, subway tickets are different. If you were in Pusan, you would buy a coin-shaped ticket.

to Use More Easily Subway System in Korea

There are lots of good applications in PLAY MARKET and APP STORE. Just search & install! You can use more easily subway system in Korea, not only in Seoul but also other cities.

* Click here to see more post related with TRAVEL

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Particles Part.3 (Special Particles)

The Differences Between Case and Special Particles

What distinguishes case particles from special particles lies in their functions.
While the primary function of the case particle is to indicate the syntactic role of the noun it attaches to, that of the special particle is to add a special meaning such as “also”, “even”, and “only”, or to indicate whether the word it attaches to is the topic of the sentence.
Case particles also differ from special particles in the place they appear in the sentence. A case particle can appear only after a noun. However, a special particle can appear in one of three places. First, it can appear in place of a case particle. For instance, a special topic particle 은/는 can appear where you would expect the subject case particle 이/가.

 They can also appear in the place where you would expect the object case particle 을/를.

Second, a special particle can appear after an existing case particle, such as 에, 에서, and 으로, in order to add the special meaning.

Third, a special particle can appear not only after a noun but also after an adverb, such as 빨리(fast) and 싸게(cheaply; at a low price).

The Special Particle 「은/는」

The special particle 은/는 is a topic particle since it marks the noun as the sentence topic (e.g., what the sentence is about). The particle 은/는 is not a case particle; hence it does not indicate the grammatical function of the noun it attaches to.

*The Special Particle 은/는

* Click to study more about The Special Particle 「은/는」

The Special Particle 「만」

The one-form special particle 만 adds the meaning of “only” or “just” on the noun it attaches to. The special particle 만 can appear in place of the case particles 이/가 or 을/를.

*The Special Particle 만

In addition, sometimes the special particle 만 can also be attached to an existing case particle and appear after an adverb.

* Click to study more about The Special Particle 「만」

The Special Particle 「도」

The one-form special particle 도 adds the meaning of “also”, “too”, or “even” to the noun it attaches to. Just like the particle 만, the special particle 도 can appear in place of the case particles 이/가 or 을/를.

*The Special Particle 도

In addition, sometimes the special particle 도 can also be attached to an existing case particle, appear after an adverb and to list additional items.

* Click to study more about The Special Particle 「도」

The Special Particle 「(이)나」

The special particle (이)나 is a two-form particle. 이나 appears after a noun that ends in a consonant , and 나 appears after a noun that ends in a vowel. The particle indicates four different meanings depending on the context in which it is being used: (1) “or something(like that)”, (2) “or”, (3) “as many as”, and (4) “about”.

*The Special Particle (이)나

* Click to study more about The Special Particle 「이나」

The Special Particles 「부터, 까지」

The particle 부터(from) is used to indicate a beginning temporal point.

The particle 까지 indicates an ending point, and it corresponds to “to”, “up to”, “until” or “as far as” in English.

The particle 까지 can be used with a non-time and/or a non-place noun.

* Click to study more about The Special Particle 「부터, 까지」

* Click to read related posts.
Grammar for Beginners
Particles Part.1 (What are the particles in Korean)
Particles Part.2 (Case Particles)

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Particles Part.2 (Case Particles)

One unique characteristic of Korean is that nouns are typically marked by particles. There is no corresponding equivalent in English. Korean has two types of particles: case particles and special particles. Case particles indicate the syntactic role of the noun to which they are attached. The other type is “special particles” whose function is not to indicate syntactic roles of the noun but rather to add special meanings, such as indicating the noun as a topic of the sentence, emphasizing the singularity of the noun, and so on.

Through this post, we are going to study about these Case Particles briefly.

* Case Particles

The subject case particle 「이/가」

The subject case particle 이/가 is a two-form particle. 이 is used when the particle comes after a noun that ends in a consonant, and 가 is used when the particle comes after a noun that ends in a vowel. The principle of having two forms resembles the use in English of “a/an”. However, the rule is the opposite in that “an” is used before a noun that begins with a vowel and “a” is used before a noun that begins with a consonant.

* The subject particle 이/가

* Click to study more about The Subject Case Particle 「이/가」

The direct object particle 「을/를」

The direct object refers to a noun that experiences the action indicated by the verb. In English the direct object of the sentence is typically determined by the place where it appears. For instance, the direct object of the sentence “I eat steak” is “steak”, as the word “steak” appears after the verb “eat”. In Korean, however the direct object is primarily determined by the direct object particle 을/를. Just like the subject particle, the direct object particle 을/를 is a two-form case particle: 을 is used when the preceding noun ends in a consonant, and 를 is used when the preceding noun ends in a vowel.

* The direct object particle 을/를

* Click to study more about The Direct Object Particle 「을/를」

The Case Particle 「(으)로」

The case particle (으)로 is a two-form particle: 으로 appears after a noun that ends in a consonant as in 책으로 (by books). 로 appears after a noun that ends in a vowel as in 버스로(by bus) or the consonant ㄹ as in 신발로(by shoes). The particle (으)로 can express the following five things: (1) means, (2) direction, (3) selection, (4) the change of state, and (5) reason.

* The Case Particle (으)로

* Click to study more about The Case particle 「(으)로」

The Case Particle 「의」

The case particle 의 indicates the possessor and possession relationship between two nouns, as in 제임스의 방(James’ room). The first noun is typically the possessor, since it is attached by the particle, and the second noun is the possession. The case particle 의 is a one-form particle. It is the same regardless of whether it attaches to a noun that ends in a vowel or a consonant.

* The Case Particle 의

* Click to study more about The Case particle 「의」

The Case Particle 「에」

The case particle 에 is a one-form particle that expresses four things: (1) the static location, (2) the goal of the action, (3) times, and (4) quantity.

* The Case Particle 에

* Click to study more about The Case particle 「에」

The Case Particles 「와/과, (이)랑, 하고」

The case particles 와/과, (이)랑, and 하고 mean “and”. Their primary function is to link nouns together.
First, let us discuss the particle 와/과. The particle 와/과 is a two-form particle. 와 is used with the noun that ends in a vowel, and 과 is used with the noun that ends in a consonant. The particle 와/과 tends to be used in formal or written communication.

* The Case Particles 와/과

The particle (이)랑 tends to be used for more informal and/or colloquial settings. The particle (이)랑 is also a two-form particle. 이랑 is used with a noun that ends in a consonant, and 랑 is used with a noun that ends in a vowel.

*The Case Particles (이)랑

The particle 하고 is a one-form particle that comes after a noun regardless of whether it ends in a vowel or a consonant. There is no apparent meaning difference between 하고 and the other two particles 와/과 and (이)랑. However, 하고 seems to be less informal than 와/과 but more formal than (이)랑.

* The Case Particles 하고

* Click to study more about The Case particle 「와/과, (이)랑, 하고」

The Case Particle 「에서」

The case particle 에서 is a one-form particle and is used to express two things: (1) the dynamic location, or (2) the source of action.

* The Case Particles 에서

* Click to study more about The Case particle 「에서」

The Case Particles 「한테, 에게, 께」

The case particles 한테, 에게, and 께 are one-form particles that mark the animate indirect object of the sentence, corresponding with “to” in English.

The particle 한테 is most widely used in colloquial settings.

* The Case Particles 한테

The particle 에게 is used instead of 한테 in more formal usage such as written communication.

* The Case Particles 에게

When the indirect object is an the esteemed person or senior, such as one’s boss, teachers, and parents, the particle 께 can be optionally used instead of 한테 or 에게. The particle 께 is another indirect object particle, used to indicate honorific meanings to the esteemed indirect object.

* The Case Particles 께

* Click to study more about The Case particle 「한테, 에게, 께」

The Case Particles 「한테서, 에게서」

The case particles 한테서 and 에게서 are both one-form particles. These particles mark an animate source, corresponding to “from” in English. The only difference between 한테서 and 에게서 is that the former is used in colloquial settings whereas the latter is used for a more formal context.

* The Case Particles 한테서 and 에게서

* Click to study more about The Case particle 「한테서, 에게서」

* Click to read related posts.
Grammar for Beginners
Particles Part.1 (What are the Particles in Korean)
Particles Part.3 (Special Particles)

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